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subject,","type":"paragraph","heading_level":null,"paragraph_type":"preambular","paragraph_level":1,"prefix":null,"links":[["71/31","https://docs.un.org/en/A/RES/71/31"],["71/32","https://docs.un.org/en/A/RES/71/32"],["71/90","https://docs.un.org/en/A/RES/71/90"],["72/250","https://docs.un.org/en/A/RES/72/250"],["73/6","https://docs.un.org/en/A/RES/73/6"],["73/91","https://docs.un.org/en/A/RES/73/91"],["74/34","https://docs.un.org/en/A/RES/74/34"],["76/230","https://docs.un.org/en/A/RES/76/230"],["77/250","https://docs.un.org/en/A/RES/77/250"],["78/238","https://docs.un.org/en/A/RES/78/238"],["79/21","https://docs.un.org/en/A/RES/79/21"]],"textWithHighlights":"*Recalling* its resolutions 71/31 and 71/32 of 5 December 2016, 71/90 of 6 December 2016, 72/250 of 24 December 2017, 73/6 of 26 October 2018, 73/91 of 7 December 2018, 74/34 of 12 December 2019, 76/230 of 24 December 2021, 77/250 of 30 December 2022, 78/238 of 22 December 2023 and 79/21 of 2 December 2024, and its decisions 73/512 of 5 December 2018 and 75/514 of 7 December 2020, as well as its other resolutions and decisions on this subject,","mandates":[{"action_verb":"Recalling","action_verb_normalized":"recall","action_verb_type":"reinforcing","assignees":[],"mentioned_entities":[],"deliverables":[]}],"section":"main","text_index":1,"parser_version":"sem-v5","source":"digitallibrary"},{"extraction_quality_warning":false,"id":"44134e2d-ded2-53d7-bf99-c36f2da283f8","position":8,"note_ids":[],"note_references":[],"text":"Expressing grave alarm over the threat of an arms race in outer space, which would impair the prospects for limiting and reducing armaments in general and erect insurmountable barriers to international cooperation in the peaceful exploration of outer space,","type":"paragraph","heading_level":null,"paragraph_type":"preambular","paragraph_level":1,"prefix":null,"links":[],"textWithHighlights":"*Expressing* grave alarm over the threat of an arms race in outer space, which would impair the prospects for limiting and reducing armaments in general and erect insurmountable barriers to international cooperation in the peaceful exploration of outer space,","mandates":[{"action_verb":"Expressing","action_verb_normalized":"express concern","action_verb_type":"evaluative","assignees":[],"mentioned_entities":[],"deliverables":[]}],"section":"main","text_index":1,"parser_version":"sem-v5","source":"digitallibrary"},{"extraction_quality_warning":false,"id":"87314caa-9126-5bb1-a2f4-64dee4b3aea2","position":9,"note_ids":[],"note_references":[],"text":"Recognizing the catastrophic consequences of an arms race in outer space, which should be used exclusively for peaceful and creative purposes, or any military conflicts in outer space and that the prevention of an arms race in outer space would avert a grave danger for international peace and security,","type":"paragraph","heading_level":null,"paragraph_type":"preambular","paragraph_level":1,"prefix":null,"links":[],"textWithHighlights":"*Recognizing* the catastrophic consequences of an arms race in outer space, which should be used exclusively for peaceful and creative purposes, or any military conflicts in outer space and that the prevention of an arms race in outer space would avert a grave danger for international peace and security,","mandates":[{"action_verb":"Recognizing","action_verb_normalized":"recognize","action_verb_type":"observing","assignees":[],"mentioned_entities":[],"deliverables":[]}],"section":"main","text_index":1,"parser_version":"sem-v5","source":"digitallibrary"},{"extraction_quality_warning":false,"id":"be95a2ee-38da-5ae9-9ef3-1210e1cc36e5","position":10,"note_ids":[1],"note_references":[{"offset":193,"note_id":1}],"text":"Emphasizing the importance of article IV of the Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies,","type":"paragraph","heading_level":null,"paragraph_type":"preambular","paragraph_level":1,"prefix":null,"links":[],"textWithHighlights":"*Emphasizing* the importance of article IV of the Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies,","mandates":[{"action_verb":"Emphasizing","action_verb_normalized":"emphasize","action_verb_type":"reinforcing","assignees":[],"mentioned_entities":[],"deliverables":[]}],"section":"main","text_index":1,"parser_version":"sem-v5","source":"digitallibrary"},{"extraction_quality_warning":false,"id":"0af4cbc6-61ba-5774-803b-52a181fc4e8c","position":11,"note_ids":[],"note_references":[],"text":"Bearing in mind that all States, in particular those with major space capabilities, should contribute actively to the prevention of an arms race in outer space with a view to promoting and strengthening international cooperation in the exploration and use of outer space for peaceful purposes, with the objective of shaping a community of shared future for humankind,","type":"paragraph","heading_level":null,"paragraph_type":"preambular","paragraph_level":1,"prefix":null,"links":[],"textWithHighlights":"*Bearing in mind* that all States, in particular those with major space capabilities, should contribute actively to the prevention of an arms race in outer space with a view to promoting and strengthening international cooperation in the exploration and use of outer space for peaceful purposes, with the objective of shaping a community of shared future for humankind,","mandates":[{"action_verb":"Bearing in mind","action_verb_normalized":"bear in 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while the existing international treaties related to outer space and the legal regime provided for therein play a positive role in regulating outer space activities, they are unable to fully prevent an arms race in outer space, the placement of weapons in outer space and the threat or use of force in outer space, from space against Earth and from Earth against objects in outer space, and preserve outer space for peaceful purposes, and that there is a need to consolidate and reinforce this regime,","mandates":[{"action_verb":"Recognizing","action_verb_normalized":"recognize","action_verb_type":"observing","assignees":[],"mentioned_entities":[],"deliverables":[]}],"section":"main","text_index":1,"parser_version":"sem-v5","source":"digitallibrary"},{"extraction_quality_warning":false,"id":"7cc443c5-fc3f-5315-9731-541c899cea48","position":13,"note_ids":[],"note_references":[],"text":"Expressing serious concern over the plans declared by certain States that include placement of weapons, in particular strike combat systems, in outer space, the threat or use of force in outer space, from space against Earth and from Earth against objects in outer space and the use of outer space for combat operations,","type":"paragraph","heading_level":null,"paragraph_type":"preambular","paragraph_level":1,"prefix":null,"links":[],"textWithHighlights":"*Expressing* serious concern over the plans declared by certain States that include placement of weapons, in particular strike combat systems, in outer space, the threat or use of force in outer space, from space against Earth and from Earth against objects in outer space and the use of outer space for combat operations,","mandates":[{"action_verb":"Expressing","action_verb_normalized":"express 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convinced","action_verb_type":"observing","assignees":[],"mentioned_entities":[],"deliverables":[]}],"section":"main","text_index":1,"parser_version":"sem-v5","source":"digitallibrary"},{"extraction_quality_warning":false,"id":"6a8d0299-5200-5921-8a5b-9aa8bb965e09","position":15,"note_ids":[2,3],"note_references":[{"offset":256,"note_id":2},{"offset":307,"note_id":3}],"text":"Welcoming, in this regard, the draft treaty on the prevention of the placement of weapons in outer space and of the threat or use of force against outer space objects, introduced by China and the Russian Federation at the Conference on Disarmament in 2008, and the submission of its updated version in 2014,","type":"paragraph","heading_level":null,"paragraph_type":"preambular","paragraph_level":1,"prefix":null,"links":[],"textWithHighlights":"*Welcoming*, in this regard, the draft treaty on the prevention of the placement of weapons in outer space and of the threat or use of force against outer space objects, introduced by China and the Russian Federation at the Conference on Disarmament in 2008, and the submission of its updated version in 2014,","mandates":[{"action_verb":"Welcoming","action_verb_normalized":"welcome","action_verb_type":"evaluative","assignees":[],"mentioned_entities":[],"deliverables":[]}],"section":"main","text_index":1,"parser_version":"sem-v5","source":"digitallibrary"},{"extraction_quality_warning":false,"id":"8bf52c60-8651-5331-bca5-cc136e0b6d82","position":16,"note_ids":[4],"note_references":[{"offset":79,"note_id":4}],"text":"Stressing the importance of the political statements made by a number of States that they would not be the first to place weapons in outer space,","type":"paragraph","heading_level":null,"paragraph_type":"preambular","paragraph_level":1,"prefix":null,"links":[],"textWithHighlights":"*Stressing* the importance of the political statements made by a number of States that they would not be the first to place weapons in outer space,","mandates":[{"action_verb":"Stressing","action_verb_normalized":"stress","action_verb_type":"reinforcing","assignees":[],"mentioned_entities":[],"deliverables":[]}],"section":"main","text_index":1,"parser_version":"sem-v5","source":"digitallibrary"},{"extraction_quality_warning":false,"id":"2b160ca7-820b-51eb-938a-d967ee37bb13","position":17,"note_ids":[],"note_references":[],"text":"Recognizing the primary role and responsibility of the Conference on Disarmament in the negotiation of a multilateral agreement or agreements on the prevention of an arms race in outer space,","type":"paragraph","heading_level":null,"paragraph_type":"preambular","paragraph_level":1,"prefix":null,"links":[],"textWithHighlights":"*Recognizing* the primary role and responsibility of the Conference on Disarmament in the negotiation of a multilateral agreement or agreements on the prevention of an arms race in outer space,","mandates":[{"action_verb":"Recognizing","action_verb_normalized":"recognize","action_verb_type":"observing","assignees":[],"mentioned_entities":[],"deliverables":[]}],"section":"main","text_index":1,"parser_version":"sem-v5","source":"digitallibrary"},{"extraction_quality_warning":false,"id":"d5d57347-fe0c-5a87-92fe-daeb3d2e51fe","position":18,"note_ids":[],"note_references":[],"text":"Taking into account the work done by the Group of Governmental Experts on Further Practical Measures for the Prevention of an Arms Race in Outer Space in 2018 and 2019 in the search for further practical measures for the prevention of an arms race in outer space, in particular in the course of future negotiations at the Conference on Disarmament on the international legally binding instrument in this regard,","type":"paragraph","heading_level":null,"paragraph_type":"preambular","paragraph_level":1,"prefix":null,"links":[],"textWithHighlights":"*Taking into account* the work done by the Group of Governmental Experts on Further Practical Measures for the Prevention of an Arms Race in Outer Space in 2018 and 2019 in the search for further practical measures for the prevention of an arms race in outer space, in particular in the course of future negotiations at the Conference on Disarmament on the international legally binding instrument in this regard,","mandates":[{"action_verb":"Taking into account","action_verb_normalized":"take into account","action_verb_type":"observing","assignees":[],"mentioned_entities":[],"deliverables":[]}],"section":"main","text_index":1,"parser_version":"sem-v5","source":"digitallibrary"},{"extraction_quality_warning":false,"id":"aa44eb36-c66d-5507-b1e2-99c8054f19a3","position":19,"note_ids":[5],"note_references":[{"offset":46,"note_id":5}],"text":"Welcoming the report of the Secretary-General,","type":"paragraph","heading_level":null,"paragraph_type":"preambular","paragraph_level":1,"prefix":null,"links":[],"textWithHighlights":"*Welcoming* the report of the Secretary-General,","mandates":[{"action_verb":"Welcoming","action_verb_normalized":"welcome","action_verb_type":"evaluative","assignees":[],"mentioned_entities":[],"deliverables":[]}],"section":"main","text_index":1,"parser_version":"sem-v5","source":"digitallibrary"},{"extraction_quality_warning":false,"id":"8005ecc7-eb24-5089-b1a0-8d6a395eda10","position":20,"note_ids":[],"note_references":[],"text":"Proclaims it a historic responsibility of all States to ensure that the exploration of outer space is carried out exclusively for peaceful purposes for the benefit of humankind;","type":"paragraph","heading_level":null,"paragraph_type":"operative","paragraph_level":1,"prefix":"1.","links":[],"textWithHighlights":"*Proclaims* it a historic responsibility of all States to ensure that the exploration of outer space is carried out exclusively for peaceful purposes for the benefit of humankind;","mandates":[{"action_verb":"Proclaims","action_verb_normalized":"proclaim","action_verb_type":"deciding","assignees":[],"mentioned_entities":[],"deliverables":[]}],"section":"main","text_index":1,"parser_version":"sem-v5","source":"digitallibrary"},{"extraction_quality_warning":false,"id":"ee73fd24-5181-5c32-a3aa-235136dc30b6","position":21,"note_ids":[],"note_references":[],"text":"Declares that the exclusion of outer space from the sphere of the arms race and the preservation of outer space for peaceful purposes should become a mandatory norm of State policy and a generally recognized international obligation;","type":"paragraph","heading_level":null,"paragraph_type":"operative","paragraph_level":1,"prefix":"2.","links":[],"textWithHighlights":"*Declares* that the exclusion of outer space from the sphere of the arms race and the preservation of outer space for peaceful purposes should become a mandatory norm of State policy and a generally recognized international obligation;","mandates":[{"action_verb":"Declares","action_verb_normalized":"declare","action_verb_type":"deciding","assignees":[],"mentioned_entities":[],"deliverables":[]}],"section":"main","text_index":1,"parser_version":"sem-v5","source":"digitallibrary"},{"extraction_quality_warning":false,"id":"e74cf85d-ef41-5b4b-a1ad-d9134fee9a82","position":22,"note_ids":[],"note_references":[],"text":"Calls upon all States, and above all those with major space capabilities, to this end:","type":"paragraph","heading_level":null,"paragraph_type":"operative","paragraph_level":1,"prefix":"3.","links":[],"textWithHighlights":"*Calls upon* <<all States, and above all those with major space capabilities>>, to this end:","mandates":[{"action_verb":"Calls upon","action_verb_normalized":"call upon","action_verb_type":"directive","assignees":[{"assignee":"all States, and above all those with major space 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stalemate in the work of the Conference on Disarmament, and looks forward to the Conference’s again fulfilling its mandate as the single multilateral disarmament negotiating forum;","type":"paragraph","heading_level":null,"paragraph_type":"operative","paragraph_level":1,"prefix":"4.","links":[],"textWithHighlights":"*Expresses* its deep regret over the years of stalemate in the work of the Conference on Disarmament, and looks forward to the Conference’s again fulfilling its mandate as the single multilateral disarmament negotiating forum;","mandates":[{"action_verb":"Expresses","action_verb_normalized":"express concern","action_verb_type":"evaluative","assignees":[],"mentioned_entities":[],"deliverables":[]}],"section":"main","text_index":1,"parser_version":"sem-v5","source":"digitallibrary"},{"extraction_quality_warning":false,"id":"eb2dd604-5815-5933-a6ad-bcf3585e7068","position":26,"note_ids":[],"note_references":[],"text":"Urges the Conference on Disarmament to agree on and implement at its earliest opportunity a balanced and comprehensive programme of work that includes the immediate commencement of negotiations on an international legally binding instrument on the prevention of an arms race in outer space, including on the prevention of the placement of weapons in outer space and of the threat or use of force in outer space, from space against Earth and from Earth against objects in outer space;","type":"paragraph","heading_level":null,"paragraph_type":"operative","paragraph_level":1,"prefix":"5.","links":[],"textWithHighlights":"*Urges* <<the Conference on Disarmament>> to agree on and implement at its earliest opportunity a balanced and comprehensive programme of work that includes the immediate commencement of negotiations on an international legally binding instrument on the prevention of an arms race in outer space, including on the prevention of the placement of weapons in outer space and of the threat or use of force in outer space, from space against Earth and from Earth against objects in outer space;","mandates":[{"action_verb":"Urges","action_verb_normalized":"urge","action_verb_type":"directive","assignees":[{"assignee":"the Conference on Disarmament","assignee_normalized":"Conference on Disarmament","assignee_type":"un_body"}],"mentioned_entities":[],"deliverables":[]}],"section":"main","text_index":1,"parser_version":"sem-v5","source":"digitallibrary"},{"extraction_quality_warning":false,"id":"3441c8c1-f2e4-555e-8e9e-1931606f53e3","position":27,"note_ids":[],"note_references":[],"text":"Acknowledges that the guaranteed prevention of an arms race in outer space will provide an opportunity for the peaceful exploration of outer space and its use in solving acute major problems relating to economic, social and cultural development facing humankind today, as well as in consolidating the efforts of States of the world in this domain;","type":"paragraph","heading_level":null,"paragraph_type":"operative","paragraph_level":1,"prefix":"6.","links":[],"textWithHighlights":"*Acknowledges* that the guaranteed prevention of an arms race in outer space will provide an opportunity for the peaceful exploration of outer space and its use in solving acute major problems relating to economic, social and cultural development facing humankind today, as well as in consolidating the efforts of States of the world in this domain;","mandates":[{"action_verb":"Acknowledges","action_verb_normalized":"acknowledge","action_verb_type":"observing","assignees":[],"mentioned_entities":[],"deliverables":[]}],"section":"main","text_index":1,"parser_version":"sem-v5","source":"digitallibrary"},{"extraction_quality_warning":false,"id":"a835b1ff-5955-5bdf-ae17-0ab9df08183a","position":28,"note_ids":[],"note_references":[],"text":"Welcomes the contribution of the Group of Governmental Experts established pursuant to General Assembly resolution 77/250 to international efforts to conclude an international legally binding instrument on the prevention of an arms race in outer space, including, inter alia, on the prevention of the placement of weapons in outer space, as well as to ensure space security and to prevent an arms race in outer space;","type":"paragraph","heading_level":null,"paragraph_type":"operative","paragraph_level":1,"prefix":"7.","links":[["77/250","https://docs.un.org/en/A/RES/77/250"]],"textWithHighlights":"*Welcomes* the contribution of the Group of Governmental Experts established pursuant to General Assembly resolution 77/250 to international efforts to conclude an international legally binding instrument on the prevention of an arms race in outer space, including, inter alia, on the prevention of the placement of weapons in outer space, as well as to ensure space security and to prevent an arms race in outer space;","mandates":[{"action_verb":"Welcomes","action_verb_normalized":"welcome","action_verb_type":"evaluative","assignees":[],"mentioned_entities":[],"deliverables":[]}],"section":"main","text_index":1,"parser_version":"sem-v5","source":"digitallibrary"},{"extraction_quality_warning":false,"id":"8929f4fd-caf7-5ae7-bb50-de2855530a76","position":29,"note_ids":[6],"note_references":[{"offset":51,"note_id":6}],"text":"Underlines the importance of the substantive report adopted by consensus by the above-mentioned Group of Governmental Experts, which serves as a reference document for further measures and international negotiations on an international legally binding instrument on the prevention of an arms race in outer space, including, inter alia, on the prevention of the placement of weapons in outer space;","type":"paragraph","heading_level":null,"paragraph_type":"operative","paragraph_level":1,"prefix":"8.","links":[],"textWithHighlights":"*Underlines* the importance of the substantive report adopted by consensus by the above-mentioned Group of Governmental Experts, which serves as a reference document for further measures and international negotiations on an international legally binding instrument on the prevention of an arms race in outer space, including, inter alia, on the prevention of the placement of weapons in outer space;","mandates":[{"action_verb":"Underlines","action_verb_normalized":"underline","action_verb_type":"reinforcing","assignees":[],"mentioned_entities":[],"deliverables":[]}],"section":"main","text_index":1,"parser_version":"sem-v5","source":"digitallibrary"},{"extraction_quality_warning":false,"id":"84e8a5e9-e6dc-5096-bb74-99c60fc8adfd","position":30,"note_ids":[7,8],"note_references":[{"offset":222,"note_id":7},{"offset":265,"note_id":8}],"text":"Notes the establishment by the General Assembly in its decision 79/512 of 2 December 2024 of an open-ended working group and the sessions held by the group, and welcomes the adoption by consensus by the group of the agenda and the indicative timetable for 2025–2028 and the beginning of its substantive work;","type":"paragraph","heading_level":null,"paragraph_type":"operative","paragraph_level":1,"prefix":"9.","links":[],"textWithHighlights":"*Notes* the establishment by the General Assembly in its decision 79/512 of 2 December 2024 of an open-ended working group and the sessions held by the group, and welcomes the adoption by consensus by the group of the agenda and the indicative timetable for 2025–2028 and the beginning of its substantive work;","mandates":[{"action_verb":"Notes","action_verb_normalized":"note","action_verb_type":"observing","assignees":[],"mentioned_entities":[],"deliverables":[]}],"section":"main","text_index":1,"parser_version":"sem-v5","source":"digitallibrary"},{"extraction_quality_warning":false,"id":"d911115b-44f0-5293-b983-12ef26033c9b","position":31,"note_ids":[],"note_references":[],"text":"Recommends consideration of substantial elements of an international legally binding instrument on the prevention of an arms race in outer space, including, inter alia, on the prevention of the placement of weapons in outer space, on the basis of existing achievements in this field, in particular on the considerations, conclusions and recommendations contained in the report of the Group of Governmental Experts;","type":"paragraph","heading_level":null,"paragraph_type":"operative","paragraph_level":1,"prefix":"10.","links":[],"textWithHighlights":"*Recommends* <<consideration of substantial elements of an international legally binding instrument on the prevention of an arms race in outer space, including, inter alia, on the prevention of the placement of weapons in outer space, on the basis of existing achievements in this field, in particular on the considerations, conclusions and recommendations contained in the report of the Group of Governmental 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