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adopted by the General Assembly on 20 December 2010","type":"frontmatter","heading_level":null,"paragraph_type":null,"paragraph_level":null,"prefix":null,"links":[],"section":"main","text_index":1,"parser_version":"sem-v5","source":"digitallibrary"},{"extraction_quality_warning":false,"id":"5f0af4ea-0895-5c8c-8ea8-4151ac3c6bd4","position":1,"note_ids":[],"note_references":[],"text":"[on the report of the Second Committee (A/65/436 and Corr.1)]","type":"frontmatter","heading_level":null,"paragraph_type":null,"paragraph_level":null,"prefix":null,"links":[],"section":"main","text_index":1,"parser_version":"sem-v5","source":"digitallibrary"},{"extraction_quality_warning":false,"id":"a47dc8fd-403d-575c-bfbb-c8e891626ae0","position":2,"note_ids":[],"note_references":[],"text":"Protection of coral reefs for sustainable livelihoods and development","type":"title","heading_level":null,"paragraph_type":null,"paragraph_level":null,"prefix":"65/150.","links":[],"section":"main","text_index":1,"parser_version":"sem-v5","source":"digitallibrary"},{"extraction_quality_warning":false,"id":"01fbfc83-8f0d-549e-b08a-e4234a40ced9","position":3,"note_ids":[],"note_references":[],"text":"The General Assembly,","type":"opening","heading_level":null,"paragraph_type":"preambular","paragraph_level":0,"prefix":null,"links":[],"section":"main","text_index":1,"parser_version":"sem-v5","source":"digitallibrary"},{"extraction_quality_warning":false,"id":"e7ae3aa9-8c6f-5594-b070-a7f36af245f7","position":4,"note_ids":[2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9],"note_references":[{"offset":60,"note_id":2},{"offset":75,"note_id":3},{"offset":166,"note_id":4},{"offset":281,"note_id":5},{"offset":307,"note_id":6},{"offset":459,"note_id":7},{"offset":501,"note_id":8},{"offset":564,"note_id":9}],"text":"Recalling the Rio Declaration on Environment and Development and Agenda 21, the Programme of Action for the Sustainable Development of Small Island Developing States, the Plan of Implementation of the World Summit on Sustainable Development (“Johannesburg Plan of Implementation”), the Mauritius Declaration and the Mauritius Strategy for the Further Implementation of the Programme of Action for the Sustainable Development of Small Island Developing States, the United Nations Millennium Declaration and the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change,","type":"paragraph","heading_level":null,"paragraph_type":"preambular","paragraph_level":1,"prefix":null,"links":[],"textWithHighlights":"*Recalling* the Rio Declaration on Environment and Development and Agenda 21, the Programme of Action for the Sustainable Development of Small Island Developing States, the Plan of Implementation of the World Summit on Sustainable Development (“Johannesburg Plan of Implementation”), the Mauritius Declaration and the Mauritius Strategy for the Further Implementation of the Programme of Action for the Sustainable Development of Small Island Developing States, the United Nations Millennium Declaration and the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change,","mandates":[{"action_verb":"Recalling","action_verb_normalized":"recall","action_verb_type":"reinforcing","assignees":[],"mentioned_entities":[],"deliverables":[]}],"section":"main","text_index":1,"parser_version":"sem-v5","source":"digitallibrary"},{"extraction_quality_warning":false,"id":"4c79cf9f-01a4-5a9a-b931-070a483a9bca","position":5,"note_ids":[10],"note_references":[{"offset":64,"note_id":10}],"text":"Reaffirming the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, which provides the overall legal framework for ocean activities, and emphasizing its fundamental character, conscious that the problems of ocean space are closely interrelated and need to be considered as a whole through an integrated, interdisciplinary and intersectoral approach,","type":"paragraph","heading_level":null,"paragraph_type":"preambular","paragraph_level":1,"prefix":null,"links":[],"textWithHighlights":"*Reaffirming* the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, which provides the overall legal framework for ocean activities, and emphasizing its fundamental character, conscious that the problems of ocean space are closely interrelated and need to be considered as a whole through an integrated, interdisciplinary and intersectoral approach,","mandates":[{"action_verb":"Reaffirming","action_verb_normalized":"reaffirm","action_verb_type":"reinforcing","assignees":[],"mentioned_entities":[],"deliverables":[]}],"section":"main","text_index":1,"parser_version":"sem-v5","source":"digitallibrary"},{"extraction_quality_warning":false,"id":"dee30fdc-a7be-56b3-b5ff-c178b7a176aa","position":6,"note_ids":[11],"note_references":[{"offset":48,"note_id":11}],"text":"Recalling the Convention on Biological Diversity as an important instrument in the conservation and sustainable use of marine biodiversity,","type":"paragraph","heading_level":null,"paragraph_type":"preambular","paragraph_level":1,"prefix":null,"links":[],"textWithHighlights":"*Recalling* the Convention on Biological Diversity as an important instrument in the conservation and sustainable use of marine biodiversity,","mandates":[{"action_verb":"Recalling","action_verb_normalized":"recall","action_verb_type":"reinforcing","assignees":[],"mentioned_entities":[],"deliverables":[]}],"section":"main","text_index":1,"parser_version":"sem-v5","source":"digitallibrary"},{"extraction_quality_warning":false,"id":"b83a486b-8635-5c90-8803-fbb5f921d523","position":7,"note_ids":[12,13,14,15],"note_references":[{"offset":161,"note_id":12},{"offset":249,"note_id":13},{"offset":322,"note_id":14},{"offset":453,"note_id":15}],"text":"Recalling also biodiversity-related conventions and organizations, including the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora, the Convention on Wetlands of International Importance especially as Waterfowl Habitat, the Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals, the Convention for the Protection, Management and Development of the Marine and Coastal Environment of the Eastern African Region, the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations,","type":"paragraph","heading_level":null,"paragraph_type":"preambular","paragraph_level":1,"prefix":null,"links":[],"textWithHighlights":"*Recalling* also biodiversity-related conventions and organizations, including the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora, the Convention on Wetlands of International Importance especially as Waterfowl Habitat, the Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals, the Convention for the Protection, Management and Development of the Marine and Coastal Environment of the Eastern African Region, the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations,","mandates":[{"action_verb":"Recalling","action_verb_normalized":"recall","action_verb_type":"reinforcing","assignees":[],"mentioned_entities":[],"deliverables":[]}],"section":"main","text_index":1,"parser_version":"sem-v5","source":"digitallibrary"},{"extraction_quality_warning":false,"id":"79060933-e25a-5ef7-a97c-807f568ad161","position":8,"note_ids":[],"note_references":[],"text":"Recognizing the role of national legislation in the context of the protection of coral reefs and related ecosystems within national jurisdictions,","type":"paragraph","heading_level":null,"paragraph_type":"preambular","paragraph_level":1,"prefix":null,"links":[],"textWithHighlights":"*Recognizing* the role of national legislation in the context of the protection of coral reefs and related ecosystems within national jurisdictions,","mandates":[{"action_verb":"Recognizing","action_verb_normalized":"recognize","action_verb_type":"observing","assignees":[],"mentioned_entities":[],"deliverables":[]}],"section":"main","text_index":1,"parser_version":"sem-v5","source":"digitallibrary"},{"extraction_quality_warning":false,"id":"46483816-f83b-5a1e-91eb-96d8910a01de","position":9,"note_ids":[],"note_references":[],"text":"Recalling its annual resolutions on oceans and the law of the sea and on sustainable fisheries, including resolution 61/105 of 8 December 2006, its resolution 63/214 of 19 December 2008, entitled “Towards the sustainable development of the Caribbean Sea for present and future generations”, its resolution 64/73 of 7 December 2009 on the protection of global climate for present and future generations of humankind, its resolution 64/203 of 21 December 2009 on the Convention on Biological Diversity and its resolution 64/236 of 24 December 2009, in which it decided to organize, in 2012, the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development, and other relevant resolutions,","type":"paragraph","heading_level":null,"paragraph_type":"preambular","paragraph_level":1,"prefix":null,"links":[],"textWithHighlights":"*Recalling* its annual resolutions on oceans and the law of the sea and on sustainable fisheries, including resolution 61/105 of 8 December 2006, its resolution 63/214 of 19 December 2008, entitled “Towards the sustainable development of the Caribbean Sea for present and future generations”, its resolution 64/73 of 7 December 2009 on the protection of global climate for present and future generations of humankind, its resolution 64/203 of 21 December 2009 on the Convention on Biological Diversity and its resolution 64/236 of 24 December 2009, in which it decided to organize, in 2012, the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development, and other relevant resolutions,","mandates":[{"action_verb":"Recalling","action_verb_normalized":"recall","action_verb_type":"reinforcing","assignees":[],"mentioned_entities":[],"deliverables":[]}],"section":"main","text_index":1,"parser_version":"sem-v5","source":"digitallibrary"},{"extraction_quality_warning":false,"id":"327f554e-8f26-51df-8fd2-41f8990c007c","position":10,"note_ids":[16],"note_references":[{"offset":174,"note_id":16}],"text":"Taking note of the Manado Ocean Declaration, adopted by the World Ocean Conference on 14 May 2009, and the Jakarta Mandate on Marine and Coastal Biological Diversity of 1995,","type":"paragraph","heading_level":null,"paragraph_type":"preambular","paragraph_level":1,"prefix":null,"links":[],"textWithHighlights":"*Taking note* of the Manado Ocean Declaration, adopted by the World Ocean Conference on 14 May 2009, and the Jakarta Mandate on Marine and Coastal Biological Diversity of 1995,","mandates":[{"action_verb":"Taking note","action_verb_normalized":"take note","action_verb_type":"observing","assignees":[],"mentioned_entities":[],"deliverables":[]}],"section":"main","text_index":1,"parser_version":"sem-v5","source":"digitallibrary"},{"extraction_quality_warning":false,"id":"3bfe085b-f275-528f-a5de-00e7e23b79e0","position":11,"note_ids":[17],"note_references":[{"offset":404,"note_id":17}],"text":"Noting the work of the secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity on marine and coastal biodiversity, in particular on coral reefs and related ecosystems, and the outcome of the tenth meeting of the Conference of the Parties to the Convention, held in Nagoya, Japan, from 18 to 29 October 2010, including in relation to the updating and revision of the strategic plan for the post-2010 period,","type":"paragraph","heading_level":null,"paragraph_type":"preambular","paragraph_level":1,"prefix":null,"links":[],"textWithHighlights":"*Noting* the work of the secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity on marine and coastal biodiversity, in particular on coral reefs and related ecosystems, and the outcome of the tenth meeting of the Conference of the Parties to the Convention, held in Nagoya, Japan, from 18 to 29 October 2010, including in relation to the updating and revision of the strategic plan for the post-2010 period,","mandates":[{"action_verb":"Noting","action_verb_normalized":"note","action_verb_type":"observing","assignees":[],"mentioned_entities":[],"deliverables":[]}],"section":"main","text_index":1,"parser_version":"sem-v5","source":"digitallibrary"},{"extraction_quality_warning":false,"id":"a673a587-8863-549d-8ca9-65bed4fb2d03","position":12,"note_ids":[18,19],"note_references":[{"offset":171,"note_id":18},{"offset":395,"note_id":19}],"text":"Noting also the request made by the Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity, at its tenth meeting, to the Executive Secretary of the Convention to prepare, subject to the availability of financial resources, a report on the progress made in the implementation of the specific workplan on coral bleaching adopted by the Conference of the Parties in its decision VII/5,","type":"paragraph","heading_level":null,"paragraph_type":"preambular","paragraph_level":1,"prefix":null,"links":[],"textWithHighlights":"*Noting* also the request made by the Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity, at its tenth meeting, to the Executive Secretary of the Convention to prepare, subject to the availability of financial resources, a report on the progress made in the implementation of the specific workplan on coral bleaching adopted by the Conference of the Parties in its decision VII/5,","mandates":[{"action_verb":"Noting","action_verb_normalized":"note","action_verb_type":"observing","assignees":[],"mentioned_entities":[],"deliverables":[]}],"section":"main","text_index":1,"parser_version":"sem-v5","source":"digitallibrary"},{"extraction_quality_warning":false,"id":"438b9a4a-391e-5aad-bf7c-4a699d41544a","position":13,"note_ids":[],"note_references":[],"text":"Recognizing that millions of the world’s inhabitants depend on the health of coral reefs and related ecosystems for sustainable livelihoods and development, as they are a primary source of food and income, add to the aesthetic and cultural dimensions of communities and also provide for protection from storms, tsunamis and coastal erosion,","type":"paragraph","heading_level":null,"paragraph_type":"preambular","paragraph_level":1,"prefix":null,"links":[],"textWithHighlights":"*Recognizing* that millions of the world’s inhabitants depend on the health of coral reefs and related ecosystems for sustainable livelihoods and development, as they are a primary source of food and income, add to the aesthetic and cultural dimensions of communities and also provide for protection from storms, tsunamis and coastal erosion,","mandates":[{"action_verb":"Recognizing","action_verb_normalized":"recognize","action_verb_type":"observing","assignees":[],"mentioned_entities":[],"deliverables":[]}],"section":"main","text_index":1,"parser_version":"sem-v5","source":"digitallibrary"},{"extraction_quality_warning":false,"id":"e6f60e02-aeb9-50c3-95be-517b1c50c185","position":14,"note_ids":[],"note_references":[],"text":"Expressing grave concern about the adverse impact of climate change and ocean acidification on the health and survival of coral reefs and related ecosystems around the world, including through sea-level rise, the increase in the severity and incidence of coral bleaching, rising sea surface temperature and higher storm intensity, combined with the synergistic negative effects of waste run-off, overfishing, destructive fishing practices, alien invasive species and coral mining,","type":"paragraph","heading_level":null,"paragraph_type":"preambular","paragraph_level":1,"prefix":null,"links":[],"textWithHighlights":"*Expressing* grave concern about the adverse impact of climate change and ocean acidification on the health and survival of coral reefs and related ecosystems around the world, including through sea-level rise, the increase in the severity and incidence of coral bleaching, rising sea surface temperature and higher storm intensity, combined with the synergistic negative effects of waste run-off, overfishing, destructive fishing practices, alien invasive species and coral mining,","mandates":[{"action_verb":"Expressing","action_verb_normalized":"express concern","action_verb_type":"evaluative","assignees":[],"mentioned_entities":[],"deliverables":[]}],"section":"main","text_index":1,"parser_version":"sem-v5","source":"digitallibrary"},{"extraction_quality_warning":false,"id":"f319bda8-0a43-5009-8a57-d5a81f122211","position":15,"note_ids":[],"note_references":[],"text":"Maintaining that the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change is the primary international, intergovernmental forum for negotiating the global response to climate change, and calling upon States to take urgent global action to address climate change in accordance with the principles identified in the Convention, including the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities,","type":"paragraph","heading_level":null,"paragraph_type":"preambular","paragraph_level":1,"prefix":null,"links":[],"section":"main","text_index":1,"parser_version":"sem-v5","source":"digitallibrary"},{"extraction_quality_warning":false,"id":"ceb6949a-e333-5d16-b511-a8f63d240e1c","position":16,"note_ids":[],"note_references":[],"text":"Acknowledging that, in many countries, indigenous and local communities have a distinctive relationship with marine and coastal environments, including coral reefs and related ecosystems, and in some cases ownership thereof, in accordance with national legislation, and that such peoples have an important role to play in the protection, management and preservation of those reefs and related ecosystems,","type":"paragraph","heading_level":null,"paragraph_type":"preambular","paragraph_level":1,"prefix":null,"links":[],"textWithHighlights":"*Acknowledging* that, in many countries, indigenous and local communities have a distinctive relationship with marine and coastal environments, including coral reefs and related ecosystems, and in some cases ownership thereof, in accordance with national legislation, and that such peoples have an important role to play in the protection, management and preservation of those reefs and related ecosystems,","mandates":[{"action_verb":"Acknowledging","action_verb_normalized":"acknowledge","action_verb_type":"observing","assignees":[],"mentioned_entities":[],"deliverables":[]}],"section":"main","text_index":1,"parser_version":"sem-v5","source":"digitallibrary"},{"extraction_quality_warning":false,"id":"48b7cdb8-f182-5fa7-b9a5-100f8aecd8ac","position":17,"note_ids":[],"note_references":[],"text":"Acknowledging also the leadership role in tropical marine ecosystem management provided by the International Coral Reef Initiative, a partnership of Governments, international organizations and non-governmental organizations, and its twenty-fifth general meeting, held in Samoa from 8 to 12 November 2010 under the co-chairmanship of Samoa and France,","type":"paragraph","heading_level":null,"paragraph_type":"preambular","paragraph_level":1,"prefix":null,"links":[],"textWithHighlights":"*Acknowledging* also the leadership role in tropical marine ecosystem management provided by the International Coral Reef Initiative, a partnership of Governments, international organizations and non-governmental organizations, and its twenty-fifth general meeting, held in Samoa from 8 to 12 November 2010 under the co-chairmanship of Samoa and France,","mandates":[{"action_verb":"Acknowledging","action_verb_normalized":"acknowledge","action_verb_type":"observing","assignees":[],"mentioned_entities":[],"deliverables":[]}],"section":"main","text_index":1,"parser_version":"sem-v5","source":"digitallibrary"},{"extraction_quality_warning":false,"id":"4f8798b8-1cbc-5000-9de8-d09d384ddbc9","position":18,"note_ids":[],"note_references":[],"text":"Welcoming regional initiatives, including the Coral Triangle Initiative on Coral Reefs, Fisheries and Food Security, the Micronesia Challenge, the Caribbean Challenge, the Eastern Tropical Pacific Seascape project, the West Indian Ocean Partnership, the West African Conservation Challenge and the Regional Initiative for the Conservation and Wise Use of Mangroves and Corals for the Americas Region,","type":"paragraph","heading_level":null,"paragraph_type":"preambular","paragraph_level":1,"prefix":null,"links":[],"textWithHighlights":"*Welcoming* regional initiatives, including the Coral Triangle Initiative on Coral Reefs, Fisheries and Food Security, the Micronesia Challenge, the Caribbean Challenge, the Eastern Tropical Pacific Seascape project, the West Indian Ocean Partnership, the West African Conservation Challenge and the Regional Initiative for the Conservation and Wise Use of Mangroves and Corals for the Americas Region,","mandates":[{"action_verb":"Welcoming","action_verb_normalized":"welcome","action_verb_type":"evaluative","assignees":[],"mentioned_entities":[],"deliverables":[]}],"section":"main","text_index":1,"parser_version":"sem-v5","source":"digitallibrary"},{"extraction_quality_warning":false,"id":"f00ddcfa-d0b2-5ab4-9e5c-f08e6a15ef9a","position":19,"note_ids":[],"note_references":[],"text":"Welcoming also the efforts of the agencies, programmes and funds of the United Nations system in the field of the protection of marine biodiversity and, in particular, coral reefs and related ecosystems,","type":"paragraph","heading_level":null,"paragraph_type":"preambular","paragraph_level":1,"prefix":null,"links":[],"textWithHighlights":"*Welcoming* also the efforts of the agencies, programmes and funds of the United Nations system in the field of the protection of marine biodiversity and, in particular, coral reefs and related ecosystems,","mandates":[{"action_verb":"Welcoming","action_verb_normalized":"welcome","action_verb_type":"evaluative","assignees":[],"mentioned_entities":[],"deliverables":[]}],"section":"main","text_index":1,"parser_version":"sem-v5","source":"digitallibrary"},{"extraction_quality_warning":false,"id":"4e9f3add-e206-5a50-a922-ada871c3738c","position":20,"note_ids":[],"note_references":[],"text":"Urges States, within their national jurisdictions, and the competent international organizations, within their mandates, given the imperative for action, to take all practical steps at all levels to protect coral reefs and related ecosystems for sustainable livelihoods and development, including immediate and concerted global, regional and local action to respond to the challenges and to address the adverse impact of climate change, including through mitigation and adaptation, as well as of ocean acidification, on coral reefs and related ecosystems;","type":"paragraph","heading_level":null,"paragraph_type":"operative","paragraph_level":1,"prefix":"1.","links":[],"textWithHighlights":"*Urges* <<States>>, within their national jurisdictions, and the competent international organizations, within their mandates, given the imperative for action, to take all practical steps at all levels to protect coral reefs and related ecosystems for sustainable livelihoods and development, including immediate and concerted global, regional and local action to respond to the challenges and to address the adverse impact of climate change, including through mitigation and adaptation, as well as of ocean acidification, on coral reefs and related ecosystems;","mandates":[{"action_verb":"Urges","action_verb_normalized":"urge","action_verb_type":"directive","assignees":[{"assignee":"States","assignee_normalized":"States","assignee_type":"ngo_other"}],"mentioned_entities":[],"deliverables":[]}],"section":"main","text_index":1,"parser_version":"sem-v5","source":"digitallibrary"},{"extraction_quality_warning":false,"id":"b4ca0b12-464d-5a43-8da3-8ae1994cbce8","position":21,"note_ids":[],"note_references":[],"text":"Also urges States to formulate, adopt and implement integrated and comprehensive approaches for the management of coral reefs and related ecosystems under their jurisdiction, encourages regional cooperation in accordance with international law regarding the protection and enhancement of the resilience of coral reefs, and in that respect calls upon development partners to support such efforts in developing countries, including through the provision of financial resources, capacity-building, environmentally sound technologies and know-how on mutually agreed terms, as well as the exchange of relevant scientific, technical, socio-economic and legal information, to enable developing countries to take all action necessary for the protection of their coral reefs and related ecosystems, as appropriate;","type":"paragraph","heading_level":null,"paragraph_type":"operative","paragraph_level":1,"prefix":"2.","links":[],"textWithHighlights":"Also *urges* <<States>> to formulate, adopt and implement integrated and comprehensive approaches for the management of coral reefs and related ecosystems under their jurisdiction, encourages regional cooperation in accordance with international law regarding the protection and enhancement of the resilience of coral reefs, and in that respect calls upon development partners to support such efforts in developing countries, including through the provision of financial resources, capacity-building, environmentally sound technologies and know-how on mutually agreed terms, as well as the exchange of relevant scientific, technical, socio-economic and legal information, to enable developing countries to take all action necessary for the protection of their coral reefs and related ecosystems, as appropriate;","mandates":[{"action_verb":"urges","action_verb_normalized":"urge","action_verb_type":"directive","assignees":[{"assignee":"States","assignee_normalized":"States","assignee_type":"unclear"}],"mentioned_entities":[],"deliverables":[]}],"section":"main","text_index":1,"parser_version":"sem-v5","source":"digitallibrary"},{"extraction_quality_warning":false,"id":"44956512-6761-5c1e-9281-a617add29433","position":22,"note_ids":[],"note_references":[],"text":"Requests the Secretary-General to submit a report on the importance of protecting coral reefs and related ecosystems for sustainable livelihoods and development, including an analysis of the economic, social and development benefits of protecting coral reefs, in the context of the themes and objectives of the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development in 2012, for consideration by the General Assembly at its sixty-sixth session and for the information of other forums;","type":"paragraph","heading_level":null,"paragraph_type":"operative","paragraph_level":1,"prefix":"3.","links":[],"textWithHighlights":"*Requests* <<the Secretary-General>> to submit a report on the importance of protecting coral reefs and related ecosystems for sustainable livelihoods and development, including an analysis of the economic, social and development benefits of protecting coral reefs, in the context of the themes and objectives of the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development in 2012, for consideration by the General Assembly at its sixty-sixth session and for the information of other forums;","mandates":[{"action_verb":"Requests","action_verb_normalized":"request","action_verb_type":"directive","assignees":[{"assignee":"the 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