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Extraction and relationship coverage may be incomplete."],"document":{"symbol":"A/RES/3176(XXVIII)","title":"First Bienniel Over-All Review and Appraisal of Progress in the Implementation of the International Development Strategy for the 2nd United Nations Development Decade","issuingBody":"GA","year":1974,"documentType":"Resolutions","subjects":["Development Strategies","International Decades","Programme Implementation","Programme Evaluation"],"agendaItems":{"numbers":[],"titles":[]},"sourceUrl":"https://documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?s=A%2FRES%2F3176(XXVIII)&l=en&t=pdf","pageUrl":"https://mandates.un.org/mandate/A/RES/3176(XXVIII)?ppb_version=ppb2027","canonicalUrl":"https://mandates.un.org/mandate/A/RES/3176(XXVIII)","jsonUrl":"https://mandates.un.org/mandate/A/RES/3176(XXVIII).json?ppb_version=ppb2027","budgetVersion":"ppb2027","matchingCitationCount":0,"matchingEntityCount":0,"matchingEntities":[],"matchingFoundationalEntities":[],"matchingProgrammes":[],"matchingBudgetLocations":[],"series":null,"group":null,"details":{"status":"included","citations":[],"budgetLocations":[],"foundationalEntities":[],"budgetLocationExpenditures":[],"entityCitationTotals":{},"entityExpenditures":{},"paragraphs":{"status":"available","language":"en","items":[{"extraction_quality_warning":false,"id":"6a58141b-7bfc-58d9-afc0-c11df58c3199","position":0,"note_ids":[],"note_references":[],"text":"3176 ( XXVIII). First bit>1mial ovt•r-all rl'vil'w and appraisal of prol,!re>1s in the implenwntation of the International Development Stratt>~y for the Sel'ond United Nution,1 Dcvelopnwnt Deca(le","type":"frontmatter","heading_level":null,"paragraph_type":null,"paragraph_level":null,"prefix":null,"links":[],"section":"main","text_index":1,"parser_version":"sem-v5","source":"digitallibrary"},{"extraction_quality_warning":false,"id":"de25eb2d-e4c2-5ce5-afdd-51f8e867c940","position":1,"note_ids":[],"note_references":[],"text":"The General Assembly,","type":"opening","heading_level":null,"paragraph_type":"preambular","paragraph_level":0,"prefix":null,"links":[],"section":"main","text_index":1,"parser_version":"sem-v5","source":"digitallibrary"},{"extraction_quality_warning":false,"id":"61db759c-7393-505d-8ab1-5eed1313bf1c","position":2,"note_ids":[],"note_references":[],"text":"Having undertaken, in accordance with para!!raph 83 of its resolution 2626 (XXV) of 24 October 1970, an examination of the economic and social develnpments since the launching of the Second United Nations Development Decade,","type":"paragraph","heading_level":null,"paragraph_type":"preambular","paragraph_level":1,"prefix":null,"links":[],"section":"main","text_index":1,"parser_version":"sem-v5","source":"digitallibrary"},{"extraction_quality_warning":false,"id":"3344f41d-2c1f-56af-a61a-f740bf852386","position":3,"note_ids":[],"note_references":[],"text":"Adopts the following text of the first biennial over-all review and appraisal of progress in the implementation of the International Development Strategy for the Second United Nations Development Decade:","type":"paragraph","heading_level":null,"paragraph_type":"operative","paragraph_level":1,"prefix":null,"links":[],"textWithHighlights":"*Adopts* the following text of the first biennial over-all review and appraisal of progress in the implementation of the International Development Strategy for the Second United Nations Development Decade:","mandates":[{"action_verb":"Adopts","action_verb_normalized":"adopt","action_verb_type":"deciding","assignees":[],"mentioned_entities":[],"deliverables":[]}],"section":"main","text_index":1,"parser_version":"sem-v5","source":"digitallibrary"},{"extraction_quality_warning":false,"id":"8c5b666c-586a-59a2-9e10-bcb05c2443a5","position":4,"note_ids":[],"note_references":[],"text":"Revif'w and a11prnisal of proi:ress in tilt' irnpll'mt'ntation of the International Development Strateg~•","type":"paragraph","heading_level":null,"paragraph_type":null,"paragraph_level":null,"prefix":null,"links":[],"section":"main","text_index":1,"parser_version":"sem-v5","source":"digitallibrary"},{"extraction_quality_warning":false,"id":"ec2fbcc1-0a1a-5f34-9421-61a7dead1d1c","position":5,"note_ids":[],"note_references":[],"text":"1-1 l 1 '.' .,(,","type":"paragraph","heading_level":null,"paragraph_type":null,"paragraph_level":null,"prefix":null,"links":[],"section":"main","text_index":1,"parser_version":"sem-v5","source":"digitallibrary"},{"extraction_quality_warning":false,"id":"eed97222-18a8-5c18-aa35-f466c1f5f072","position":6,"note_ids":[],"note_references":[],"text":"A. Attainment of !-'(oals and objectives 12-17 B. Efforts of developing countries 18-2.1 C. Performance by devel0pe,l countries 2-l-:;,_!","type":"paragraph","heading_level":null,"paragraph_type":null,"paragraph_level":null,"prefix":null,"links":[],"section":"main","text_index":1,"parser_version":"sem-v5","source":"digitallibrary"},{"extraction_quality_warning":false,"id":"6201902c-0d74-5d41-ac1d-3053763e2517","position":7,"note_ids":[],"note_references":[],"text":"D. Overview 31-_,6","type":"paragraph","heading_level":null,"paragraph_type":null,"paragraph_level":null,"prefix":null,"links":[],"section":"main","text_index":1,"parser_version":"sem-v5","source":"digitallibrary"},{"extraction_quality_warning":false,"id":"725637e7-9095-5f99-bee9-711e0d101c23","position":8,"note_ids":[],"note_references":[],"text":"3~-69 A. Measures by developing countries ~8-4Y B. Measures by developed countries W-66 C. Measures by the internati0nal community 67-69","type":"paragraph","heading_level":null,"paragraph_type":null,"paragraph_level":null,"prefix":null,"links":[],"section":"main","text_index":1,"parser_version":"sem-v5","source":"digitallibrary"},{"extraction_quality_warning":false,"id":"82aa7366-fdfd-51da-8388-07ea6cc0ea08","position":9,"note_ids":[],"note_references":[],"text":"73 Resolution 2626 (XXV).","type":"paragraph","heading_level":null,"paragraph_type":null,"paragraph_level":null,"prefix":null,"links":[],"section":"main","text_index":1,"parser_version":"sem-v5","source":"digitallibrary"},{"extraction_quality_warning":false,"id":"58dda6ac-eaed-5dec-a1fc-48806f4ad4d0","position":10,"note_ids":[],"note_references":[],"text":"I. INTRODCCTION","type":"paragraph","heading_level":null,"paragraph_type":null,"paragraph_level":null,"prefix":null,"links":[],"section":"main","text_index":1,"parser_version":"sem-v5","source":"digitallibrary"},{"extraction_quality_warning":false,"id":"9aa47447-8b10-5486-a849-240808832121","position":11,"note_ids":[],"note_references":[],"text":"It was implicit in the very concept of a biennial review, accepted in 1970, that such a review would afford an opportunity for a broad appraisal of past performance and to draw therefrom implir~tions for the future. Information about the experience of th\\; first two years of the Second United Nations D~velopment Decade (1971-1972) is, as yet, insufficient to enable a full, factual and comprehensive analysis of the progress made or shortfalls encountered, or to define new goals which could call into question the ones already embodied in the International Development Strategy for the Second United Nations Development Decade.74 At the same time, the changes in qualitative perception and the suggestions for modifications of the present indicators do not justify the abandonment of efforts to evaluate quantitatively wherever this is possible. In any case the task of review and appraisal is not to analyse isolated examples of progress or to study certain indicators, but to assess over-all trends and progress in achieving integrated economic and social development. It is apparent from this assessment that the experience of the past two years remains a cause for great concern.","type":"paragraph","heading_level":null,"paragraph_type":"operative","paragraph_level":1,"prefix":"1.","links":[],"section":"main","text_index":1,"parser_version":"sem-v5","source":"digitallibrary"},{"extraction_quality_warning":false,"id":"3bc7fea1-3e7b-5970-8361-a32a208335a6","position":12,"note_ids":[],"note_references":[],"text":"Since 1970, the world economy has experienced a series of monetary crises which have had severe repercussions, especially on the developing countries because of their generally greater vulnerability to external economic impulses. Moreover, significant changes have been taking place in international economic relations, particularly among the advanced countries. At the same time, the international community has become visibly more impressed with the interdependence of its common problems and, in particular, with the interdependence of different categories of problems which in the past, even when considered, were addressed separately. The changing relationship among developed countries provides the opportunity for devising new forms of international co-operation which should embrace foe interests of all countries and which should give a signific:rnt impetus to the economic and social progres~ of the developing countries. It is increasingly recognized that the present distribution of economic power in the world is imbalanced and the realization is growing that developing and developed countries share a common interest in a rational and equitable functioning of the world economy. The growing understanding of the determinants of the develqpment process should also serve as a helpful force.","type":"paragraph","heading_level":null,"paragraph_type":"operative","paragraph_level":1,"prefix":"2.","links":[],"section":"main","text_index":1,"parser_version":"sem-v5","source":"digitallibrary"},{"extraction_quality_warning":false,"id":"729b21d7-bb44-5741-a8b2-f593b2ff8d9f","position":13,"note_ids":[],"note_references":[],"text":"~- However, judged in terms of international action since 1970, the cause of development has lost momentum. Despite the action taken by some developed countries, the net aggregate flow of financial resources to developing countries has made little progress towards the target specified in the International Development Strategy, and net official development assistance as a share of the gross national product of the developed countries, which is of critical importance, has made virtually no progress at all. Despite the expansion of the operations of international financial organizations in recent years, the tight rein exercised over their operations has meant that such operations have not expanded as rapidly as the demand for them, thus creating grave difficulties for developing countries at a moment when their need for development support is the greatest. Certain activities of some international cmporations have also given rise to concern in a number of cases. On the trade front, while some progress was achieved, neither innovations nor measures for implementation since the adoption of the Slralegy have matched expectations.","type":"paragraph","heading_level":null,"paragraph_type":null,"paragraph_level":null,"prefix":null,"links":[],"section":"main","text_index":1,"parser_version":"sem-v5","source":"digitallibrary"},{"extraction_quality_warning":false,"id":"39434140-95ed-5b4e-bd31-f05c90b48d43","position":14,"note_ids":[],"note_references":[],"text":".1. The Strategy was conceived and mus1 be implemented in a dynamic and forward-looking manner. Since the adoption of the Strategy new preocc.·upations and new concepts affecting the ,kvelopment process of developing countries have emerged wl;ilc others have assumed greater urgency. These include the~ persistent inflationary pressures in the principal developed countries and the monetary disturbances, affecting in particuhr ihe ,kveloping countries, the concern for the preservatioo d the human environment and its relation 1o development, the interdependence of development and population factors, Oho problem of mass poverty and unemployment and income","type":"paragraph","heading_level":null,"paragraph_type":null,"paragraph_level":null,"prefix":null,"links":[],"section":"main","text_index":1,"parser_version":"sem-v5","source":"digitallibrary"},{"extraction_quality_warning":false,"id":"c4c9eedb-2319-5b93-b0a9-8115684223f7","position":15,"note_ids":[],"note_references":[],"text":"14 Resolution 2626 (XA'V). distribution in many countries, the impact of multinational corporations, the threat of a world food shortage and the potential exploitation of mineral resources of the sea-bed outside the limits of national jurisdiction.","type":"paragraph","heading_level":null,"paragraph_type":null,"paragraph_level":null,"prefix":null,"links":[],"section":"main","text_index":1,"parser_version":"sem-v5","source":"digitallibrary"},{"extraction_quality_warning":false,"id":"93e17d8a-0342-50b3-b420-fd803c01e624","position":16,"note_ids":[],"note_references":[],"text":"In spite of the significant efforts made by developing countries, their average rate of economic growth actually showed a decline from ,the level reached towards th~ end of the past decade. This average, furthermore, conceals wide disparities in the rates of economic grov. th achieved by various developing countries. Even the mo,kst beginning towards narrowing the gap in living standards between developed and dcvdoping countries, stipulated in the Strategy, is not yet in sight.","type":"paragraph","heading_level":null,"paragraph_type":"operative","paragraph_level":1,"prefix":"5.","links":[],"section":"main","text_index":1,"parser_version":"sem-v5","source":"digitallibrary"},{"extraction_quality_warning":false,"id":"60d50881-d15d-5c4c-bc9b-a3d3eab85f80","position":17,"note_ids":[],"note_references":[],"text":"The d1evclopment objective must have a central place in the constellation of great issues to which the international community should urgently seek effective and cnnsistcnt solutions. International peace and security, based on justice and on the principles of krritorial integrity, self-determinati\"n and fn:cdom from all external pressures on sovereignty and fundamental freedoms and other principles embodied in th..: Charter C1i tile United Na,ions, :ire neces,ary conditions for the social :tnd economic progress of all countries. The extension of the relaxation of tension to .di regions of the world on the basis of the aforementioned principles would thus enable all countries, irrespective of their social and economic system or level uf development, to benefit from this process and utiliLc it for the realization of the goals :rnd objectives for economic and social progress of the Second United Nations Development Decade. Prace, security, freedom from all forms of extcrn:il pressure and coercion and a general climate of d,'tcntc could and should create greater opportunity for development support for the benefit of developing countries. The accelerated development of the developing countries will, in turn, contribute to the promotion of greater stability and to the strengthening of world peace and security.","type":"paragraph","heading_level":null,"paragraph_type":"operative","paragraph_level":1,"prefix":"6.","links":[],"section":"main","text_index":1,"parser_version":"sem-v5","source":"digitallibrary"},{"extraction_quality_warning":false,"id":"1fe8b7ca-7ab7-529e-ba5d-fe41c5d05f0c","position":18,"note_ids":[],"note_references":[],"text":"Parts of the developing world arc still subjected to colonialism, racial discrimination, apartheid and foreign occupation, and other forms of external pressure on their sovereignty and fundamental rights, with harmful effects on the development efforts of the peoples and countries concerned. The task therefore consists of removing, without delay, all these negative factors.","type":"paragraph","heading_level":null,"paragraph_type":"operative","paragraph_level":1,"prefix":"7.","links":[],"section":"main","text_index":1,"parser_version":"sem-v5","source":"digitallibrary"},{"extraction_quality_warning":false,"id":"208e2f44-36a3-520b-845e-661bb8f98f04","position":19,"note_ids":[],"note_references":[],"text":"Urgent action must be taken to implement those policy measures adopted in the Strategy that have not been implemented so far. It is essential that developed countries display the necessary political will to accord higher priority to the implementation of these measures so as to provide a framework conducive to the accelerated progress of the developing countries. As part of their primary responsibility for development, developing countries should maintain and reinforce their vigorous policy measures.","type":"paragraph","heading_level":null,"paragraph_type":"operative","paragraph_level":1,"prefix":"8.","links":[],"section":"main","text_index":1,"parser_version":"sem-v5","source":"digitallibrary"},{"extraction_quality_warning":false,"id":"622c9ecb-bfc9-5ca5-a57d-fdecc2608608","position":20,"note_ids":[],"note_references":[],"text":"The central purpose remains to diminish the gross inequalities in economic development and social welfare that have widened among, and in some cases wi·thin, the nations of the world and to attack poverty, particularly in ways that improve the condition of the poorest groups within the poor countries. Such i, the spirit of the International Development Strategy that the States Members of the United Nation-; unanimously adopted in 1970, and this is also the spirit th:,t has oriented its first review and appraisal.","type":"paragraph","heading_level":null,"paragraph_type":"operative","paragraph_level":1,"prefix":"9.","links":[],"section":"main","text_index":1,"parser_version":"sem-v5","source":"digitallibrary"},{"extraction_quality_warning":false,"id":"05b78d90-bdb8-5267-a0f0-5b495c53509e","position":21,"note_ids":[],"note_references":[],"text":"There are very substantial complementaritics among the major goals and objectives of the International D~velopm~nt Strategy. Agriculture, which is at present the predominant sector of activity in most developing countries ;tnd which 1s currently of great concern to many of them, has to be expanded, diversified and modernized. The transformatorv role of industry on the development of agriculture, transpo;t and other sectors and its abiltty to absorb a greater proportion of the growing labour force has to be enhanced. Development includes a multiplicity of objectives and programmes which. if properly integrated, will bring abont increased output as well as improvements in employment, income distribution, education, health and nutrition. Man is both producer and consumer; his well-being is both a determining factor in, and an end 'result of, development. These dimensions of development","type":"paragraph","heading_level":null,"paragraph_type":"operative","paragraph_level":1,"prefix":"10.","links":[],"section":"main","text_index":1,"parser_version":"sem-v5","source":"digitallibrary"},{"extraction_quality_warning":false,"id":"bb3eb806-0cf1-54fe-821c-c5ef3ab32e34","position":22,"note_ids":[],"note_references":[],"text":"require a unified approach in planning and a political will to bring about the necessary stcuctural and institutional changes in the light of the circumstances prevailing in the countries concerned. The developing countries that make these changes need not only encouragement but also appropriate international assistance.","type":"paragraph","heading_level":null,"paragraph_type":null,"paragraph_level":null,"prefix":null,"links":[],"section":"main","text_index":1,"parser_version":"sem-v5","source":"digitallibrary"},{"extraction_quality_warning":false,"id":"a91a02c8-89e5-5419-9364-9dfd052f7431","position":23,"note_ids":[],"note_references":[],"text":"Against the background outlined above, the first exercise of over-all review and appraisal has been undertaken on the basis of a general evaluation of the record concerning the attainment of the goals and objectives of the International Development Strategy and the implementation of the policy measures in this regard, in the light of the efforts of developing countries and the performance of developed countries. Thi, exercise should necessarily lead to further defining the policy measures needed to carry out the provisions of the Strategy. It could, moreover, facilitate the elaboration of the Charter of Fconomic Rights and Duties of States.76","type":"paragraph","heading_level":null,"paragraph_type":"operative","paragraph_level":1,"prefix":"11.","links":[],"section":"main","text_index":1,"parser_version":"sem-v5","source":"digitallibrary"},{"extraction_quality_warning":false,"id":"ff8994df-a7fd-5e4f-91eb-909ad7edc3b3","position":24,"note_ids":[],"note_references":[],"text":"II. GENERAL EVALUATION A.","type":"paragraph","heading_level":null,"paragraph_type":null,"paragraph_level":null,"prefix":null,"links":[],"section":"main","text_index":1,"parser_version":"sem-v5","source":"digitallibrary"},{"extraction_quality_warning":false,"id":"b56027a3-5224-56fc-95ee-dca96ca5f0e4","position":25,"note_ids":[],"note_references":[],"text":"The balance-sheet of the first two years of the Second United Nat ions Development Decade shows that development problems, far from being solved, have become increasingly acute. In many cases there bas been a setback in comparison with the situation prevailing in the latter part of the past decade, though the recent economic boom in the industrialized countries has brought at least some temporary advantages to some developing countries. The main features of the record concerning the attainment of the goals and objectives of the International Development Strategy are enumerated in paragraphs 13 to 17 below.","type":"paragraph","heading_level":null,"paragraph_type":"operative","paragraph_level":1,"prefix":"12.","links":[],"section":"main","text_index":1,"parser_version":"sem-v5","source":"digitallibrary"},{"extraction_quality_warning":false,"id":"3c7c19d3-fe5c-5dee-accb-50be7e356146","position":26,"note_ids":[],"note_references":[],"text":"Preliminary evidencc7G suggests that the average annual rate of growth of the gross domestic product of the developing countries during the first two years of the Second United Nations Development Decade approximated to an annual average of 5.5 per cent which was also the average or the First United Nations Development Decade ( 1961-1970). This is still some 10 per cent below the 6 per cent target for the Second Development Decade. The rate of growth of per capita gross domestic product of these countries was not much above 2.5 per cent. The over-all growth achievements varied widely region by region and within regions. Many developing countries, in particular the least developed countries, experienced lower rates ( see table 1 ) .","type":"paragraph","heading_level":null,"paragraph_type":"operative","paragraph_level":1,"prefix":"13.","links":[],"section":"main","text_index":1,"parser_version":"sem-v5","source":"digitallibrary"},{"extraction_quality_warning":false,"id":"4a9c33d3-89de-5701-aaea-ad154707510f","position":27,"note_ids":[],"note_references":[],"text":"Table 1. Gross domestic product (International Development Strategy target 1971-1980:","type":"paragraph","heading_level":null,"paragraph_type":null,"paragraph_level":null,"prefix":null,"links":[],"section":"main","text_index":1,"parser_version":"sem-v5","source":"digitallibrary"},{"extraction_quality_warning":false,"id":"c094f724-f04c-522d-a3a4-85d57261be04","position":28,"note_ids":[],"note_references":[],"text":"6 per cent per annum)","type":"paragraph","heading_level":null,"paragraph_type":null,"paragraph_level":null,"prefix":null,"links":[],"section":"main","text_index":1,"parser_version":"sem-v5","source":"digitallibrary"},{"extraction_quality_warning":false,"id":"01dc6d4a-d8f4-530f-919d-cf548f4c4daf","position":29,"note_ids":[],"note_references":[],"text":"Average annual","type":"paragraph","heading_level":null,"paragraph_type":null,"paragraph_level":null,"prefix":null,"links":[],"section":"main","text_index":1,"parser_version":"sem-v5","source":"digitallibrary"},{"extraction_quality_warning":false,"id":"75058726-609a-5b4a-ac46-9696f2fde13f","position":30,"note_ids":[],"note_references":[],"text":"Developing countries (total)","type":"paragraph","heading_level":null,"paragraph_type":null,"paragraph_level":null,"prefix":null,"links":[],"section":"main","text_index":1,"parser_version":"sem-v5","source":"digitallibrary"},{"extraction_quality_warning":false,"id":"8ae36d82-3b9a-5a66-b78b-69638686f9fb","position":31,"note_ids":[],"note_references":[],"text":"5.5 5.4 5.5 Latin America 5.6 6.3 6.4 Africa 4.8 4.1 5.0 8.1 10.4 West Asia 10.8 Southern and South-East Asia 5.0 3.4 3.3","type":"paragraph","heading_level":null,"paragraph_type":null,"paragraph_level":null,"prefix":null,"links":[],"section":"main","text_index":1,"parser_version":"sem-v5","source":"digitallibrary"},{"extraction_quality_warning":false,"id":"4c3d9f3a-d668-5c9b-9bcb-918d3ab7c92c","position":32,"note_ids":[],"note_references":[],"text":"75 United Nations Conference on Trade and Development resolution 45 (Ill) of 18 May 1972. See Proceedings of the United Nations Conference 011 Trade and Development, Third Session, vol. I, Report and Annexes (United Nations publication, Sales No.: E.73.II.D.4), annex I.A.","type":"paragraph","heading_level":null,"paragraph_type":null,"paragraph_level":null,"prefix":null,"links":[],"section":"main","text_index":1,"parser_version":"sem-v5","source":"digitallibrary"},{"extraction_quality_warning":false,"id":"2da4698a-03af-52d3-ba56-d38e9657f4b3","position":33,"note_ids":[],"note_references":[],"text":"76 Quantitative statements included herein are based on the provisional data contained in the World Economic Survey, 1972 ( United Nations publication, Sales No.: E.73.TT.C.1 ), as subsequently updated by the Centre for Development Planning, Projections and Policies of the United Nations Secretariat in November 1973, and on projections relating to population which suggest an annual rate of inorease in the population of developing countries of over 2.5 per c.ent","type":"paragraph","heading_level":null,"paragraph_type":null,"paragraph_level":null,"prefix":null,"links":[],"section":"main","text_index":1,"parser_version":"sem-v5","source":"digitallibrary"},{"extraction_quality_warning":false,"id":"5273ea72-2b55-5066-b985-98aa1e7f3f4f","position":34,"note_ids":[],"note_references":[],"text":"Unfavourable weather aggravated the structural deficiencies in the agricultural sector. Agricultural production suffered a serious setback in a large number of countries; particularly in developing countries the rate of expansion was far below the target of 4 per cent spccificcl in the Strategy ( sec table 2).","type":"paragraph","heading_level":null,"paragraph_type":"operative","paragraph_level":1,"prefix":"14.","links":[],"section":"main","text_index":1,"parser_version":"sem-v5","source":"digitallibrary"},{"extraction_quality_warning":false,"id":"1c5b0023-a26d-50fc-afdf-a38d49c1aa51","position":35,"note_ids":[],"note_references":[],"text":"Table 2. Agrirnltural production \\ International Development Str:1tegy target 1971-1980:","type":"paragraph","heading_level":null,"paragraph_type":null,"paragraph_level":null,"prefix":null,"links":[],"section":"main","text_index":1,"parser_version":"sem-v5","source":"digitallibrary"},{"extraction_quality_warning":false,"id":"4829ede3-59b3-5ddd-bcf1-8e2b432130a0","position":36,"note_ids":[],"note_references":[],"text":"4 per cent per annum)","type":"paragraph","heading_level":null,"paragraph_type":null,"paragraph_level":null,"prefix":null,"links":[],"section":"main","text_index":1,"parser_version":"sem-v5","source":"digitallibrary"},{"extraction_quality_warning":false,"id":"df39b8b4-6f2e-5a18-89ba-9debda3c38a9","position":37,"note_ids":[],"note_references":[],"text":"Developed market economies 2.5 6 Centrally planned economies","type":"paragraph","heading_level":null,"paragraph_type":null,"paragraph_level":null,"prefix":null,"links":[],"section":"main","text_index":1,"parser_version":"sem-v5","source":"digitallibrary"},{"extraction_quality_warning":false,"id":"8e116837-8f4e-59f9-b541-10bb2c842339","position":38,"note_ids":[],"note_references":[],"text":"-1 3.0 2 Developing countries 2.8","type":"paragraph","heading_level":null,"paragraph_type":null,"paragraph_level":null,"prefix":null,"links":[],"section":"main","text_index":1,"parser_version":"sem-v5","source":"digitallibrary"},{"extraction_quality_warning":false,"id":"5e4c88d0-8801-5664-ac5d-ca67d5ebfc65","position":39,"note_ids":[],"note_references":[],"text":"I 5. Manufacturing output expanded at a rate approximating the target rate of 8 per cent suggested in the Strategy (see table 3). The industrial base is, however, still too small in most developing countries for self-sustained expansion to meet the needs of either domestic or external markets. Moreover, the linkages between industry and other sectors of the economy remain far from adequately developed.","type":"paragraph","heading_level":null,"paragraph_type":null,"paragraph_level":null,"prefix":null,"links":[],"section":"main","text_index":1,"parser_version":"sem-v5","source":"digitallibrary"},{"extraction_quality_warning":false,"id":"53b9b4cf-e148-5d2a-9dc3-8bf67b00b967","position":40,"note_ids":[],"note_references":[],"text":"Table 3. Manufacturing production","type":"paragraph","heading_level":null,"paragraph_type":null,"paragraph_level":null,"prefix":null,"links":[],"section":"main","text_index":1,"parser_version":"sem-v5","source":"digitallibrary"},{"extraction_quality_warning":false,"id":"cbfa0a96-bf1f-5edf-9fb7-2f485b08015f","position":41,"note_ids":[],"note_references":[],"text":"(International Development Strategy target 1971-1980:","type":"paragraph","heading_level":null,"paragraph_type":null,"paragraph_level":null,"prefix":null,"links":[],"section":"main","text_index":1,"parser_version":"sem-v5","source":"digitallibrary"},{"extraction_quality_warning":false,"id":"1c1bcb08-0e36-544c-aedb-3e6811896a60","position":42,"note_ids":[],"note_references":[],"text":"8 per cent per annum)","type":"paragraph","heading_level":null,"paragraph_type":null,"paragraph_level":null,"prefix":null,"links":[],"section":"main","text_index":1,"parser_version":"sem-v5","source":"digitallibrary"},{"extraction_quality_warning":false,"id":"6027f2bb-dad6-598d-889a-144fa6992927","position":43,"note_ids":[],"note_references":[],"text":"Average annual","type":"paragraph","heading_level":null,"paragraph_type":null,"paragraph_level":null,"prefix":null,"links":[],"section":"main","text_index":1,"parser_version":"sem-v5","source":"digitallibrary"},{"extraction_quality_warning":false,"id":"cb9e8440-24a7-59d3-8106-e2b40010e9b2","position":44,"note_ids":[],"note_references":[],"text":"Developed market 6.7 economies 5.8 1.3 Centrally planned economies of Eastern Europe 8.6 8.4 7.3 Developing countries 6.4 7.6 8.1","type":"paragraph","heading_level":null,"paragraph_type":null,"paragraph_level":null,"prefix":null,"links":[],"section":"main","text_index":1,"parser_version":"sem-v5","source":"digitallibrary"},{"extraction_quality_warning":false,"id":"0d9c7e89-c6ae-5d43-8b6c-dbc74c5aca45","position":45,"note_ids":[],"note_references":[],"text":"tariat.","type":"paragraph","heading_level":null,"paragraph_type":null,"paragraph_level":null,"prefix":null,"links":[],"section":"main","text_index":1,"parser_version":"sem-v5","source":"digitallibrary"},{"extraction_quality_warning":false,"id":"c4c62211-6b2e-5725-9ddb-06fb264f76ab","position":46,"note_ids":[],"note_references":[],"text":"The quantum of exports of developing countries e.~- panded at an annual rate significantly below the t:irget of somewhat higher than 7 per cent as specified in the Strategy. For most developing countries, the rate was only about 5 rer cent, significantly lower than the rate achieved in the p:ist Decade. The quantum of imports also was markedly below the Strategy target of an expansion of somewhat less than 7 per cent. In terms of United States dollars, in 1971 allli 197:!. while exports of developing countries increase{-! at the average rate of 15 per cent, their imports increased by 12.8 per cent. The terms of trade for most developing countries deteriorated in 1971 after a record of over-all relative stability throughout the preceding Decade, and did not recover fully in 1972 (see table 4).","type":"paragraph","heading_level":null,"paragraph_type":"operative","paragraph_level":1,"prefix":"16.","links":[],"section":"main","text_index":1,"parser_version":"sem-v5","source":"digitallibrary"},{"extraction_quality_warning":false,"id":"674bd2b6-6f4b-5974-bb59-9d68ee86cd22","position":47,"note_ids":[],"note_references":[],"text":"Redistribution of income has not mad<\" sufficient progrcs\\ in many developing countries. Unemployment continues tC' loom large. Education and health facilities are increasing but are still far short of needs. Housing shortages remain acute'. Malnutrition is widespread. All these elements have cxace1- bated the problem of mass poverty in many developing coun tries.","type":"paragraph","heading_level":null,"paragraph_type":"operative","paragraph_level":1,"prefix":"17.","links":[],"section":"main","text_index":1,"parser_version":"sem-v5","source":"digitallibrary"},{"extraction_quality_warning":false,"id":"ceffea0c-66a3-5686-a698-166805e83649","position":48,"note_ids":[],"note_references":[],"text":"Average annual","type":"paragraph","heading_level":null,"paragraph_type":null,"paragraph_level":null,"prefix":null,"links":[],"section":"main","text_index":1,"parser_version":"sem-v5","source":"digitallibrary"},{"extraction_quality_warning":false,"id":"1cb033ec-8a19-51e7-a0aa-1ebffed397f7","position":49,"note_ids":[],"note_references":[],"text":"Quantum Exports 6.6 6.5 Imports 5.5 6.2 Value 7.0 12.4 Exports Imports 6.4 14.3 Terms of trade\"","type":"paragraph","heading_level":null,"paragraph_type":null,"paragraph_level":null,"prefix":null,"links":[],"section":"main","text_index":1,"parser_version":"sem-v5","source":"digitallibrary"},{"extraction_quality_warning":false,"id":"364df61d-5372-50c7-87e5-d56b054902d9","position":50,"note_ids":[],"note_references":[],"text":"-2.0","type":"paragraph","heading_level":null,"paragraph_type":null,"paragraph_level":null,"prefix":null,"links":[],"section":"main","text_index":1,"parser_version":"sem-v5","source":"digitallibrary"},{"extraction_quality_warning":false,"id":"6a48cfb2-0acf-5d28-b7f0-cff86241b0ed","position":51,"note_ids":[],"note_references":[],"text":"B.","type":"heading","heading_level":1,"paragraph_type":null,"paragraph_level":null,"prefix":null,"links":[],"section":"main","text_index":1,"parser_version":"sem-v5","source":"digitallibrary"},{"extraction_quality_warning":false,"id":"a587e679-26db-5b0a-a7c8-6cfd386142c8","position":52,"note_ids":[],"note_references":[],"text":"I 8. The experience of developing countries in national planning has been steadily increasing. Their planning mechanisms are strengthening with the passage of time, and in some cases their influence in the most important economic and social decisions has increased. Successive generations of development plans reflect continuing improvements both in techniques of plan formulation and procedures for plan implementation. A number of current development plans also indicate a growing awareness of the need to pursue, in the light of their circumstances, patterns of development in which the expansion and structure of production are attuned to resolving such problems as mass poverty and unemployment. Much, however. still remains to be done in this regard.","type":"paragraph","heading_level":null,"paragraph_type":null,"paragraph_level":null,"prefix":null,"links":[],"section":"main","text_index":1,"parser_version":"sem-v5","source":"digitallibrary"},{"extraction_quality_warning":false,"id":"25287550-3c6a-5142-995d-78de426d0e5a","position":53,"note_ids":[],"note_references":[],"text":"Institutional changes covering a wide spectrum of productive activity have been undertaken in developing countries. With respect to natural resources, institutional changes have been introduced in recent years to achieve more efficient resource utilization and greater participation by the State in resource development. In some developing countries, nationalization, the association of the State with foreign enterprises and the modification of concessions and regimes for •the development, marketing and transport of natural resources have been the principal means employed in order lo effect such changes. Considerable emphasis has been placed on land reform in rrcent years, though actual experience in this regard has not been very impressive so far. The need for renewed attention to land reforms that are in consonance with the socio-economic requirements of the countries concerned remains great. Other fundamental changes in the traditional economic and social structures and institutions are also essential to remove obstacles to. and accelerate the pace of, social progress and economic development. Of particular importance is the need to eliminate the subsUintial under-utilization of production capacity in manufacturing industries and to orient the pattern of industrial production towards meeting the requirements of both employment and mass consumption. The beneficial role that a suitably designed construction activity can play has not, as yet, been","type":"paragraph","heading_level":null,"paragraph_type":"operative","paragraph_level":1,"prefix":"19.","links":[],"section":"main","text_index":1,"parser_version":"sem-v5","source":"digitallibrary"},{"extraction_quality_warning":false,"id":"51cd7426-b13b-568e-9a6f-6ed23bff554b","position":54,"note_ids":[],"note_references":[],"text":"fully explored in developing countries.","type":"paragraph","heading_level":null,"paragraph_type":null,"paragraph_level":null,"prefix":null,"links":[],"section":"main","text_index":1,"parser_version":"sem-v5","source":"digitallibrary"},{"extraction_quality_warning":false,"id":"3408573e-3a2d-5ad5-be05-b92f60051596","position":55,"note_ids":[],"note_references":[],"text":"Developing countries have adopted a wide array of measures aimed at the development of their human re~ources. Many developing countries have defined their demographic policies·. while some consider a rapid population growth desirahle for attaining their development objectives, others recognize the need for a reduction in the rate of population increase for the same purpose. Jn some countries, significant reductions in birthrates have taken place. The capacity to sustain adequate programmes for making avai!al:,le means of family planning remains limited in those devduping cnuntries that require them in the context of their demographic pc,licies. There has been progress towards spreading the benefits of e,,onomic growth, especially through expansion of educational and health facilities, lowcost housing for the poorer sections of the population and other improvements, but much remains to be done, especially General Assembly-Twenty-eighth SeHion","type":"paragraph","heading_level":null,"paragraph_type":"operative","paragraph_level":1,"prefix":"20.","links":[],"section":"main","text_index":1,"parser_version":"sem-v5","source":"digitallibrary"},{"extraction_quality_warning":false,"id":"245bcd9d-3f3a-58d7-a52c-00c9f1fb2295","position":56,"note_ids":[],"note_references":[],"text":"Table 4. Change in trade levels of developing countries","type":"paragraph","heading_level":null,"paragraph_type":null,"paragraph_level":null,"prefix":null,"links":[],"section":"main","text_index":1,"parser_version":"sem-v5","source":"digitallibrary"},{"extraction_quality_warning":false,"id":"6d4667f5-8cdd-5b2e-b581-3328aca3ef2b","position":57,"note_ids":[],"note_references":[],"text":"petroleum e:rportus)","type":"paragraph","heading_level":null,"paragraph_type":null,"paragraph_level":null,"prefix":null,"links":[],"section":"main","text_index":1,"parser_version":"sem-v5","source":"digitallibrary"},{"extraction_quality_warning":false,"id":"71a4fd93-48d3-5137-b4bb-a64059a01650","position":58,"note_ids":[],"note_references":[],"text":"Average annual from prec,ding","type":"paragraph","heading_level":null,"paragraph_type":null,"paragraph_level":null,"prefix":null,"links":[],"section":"main","text_index":1,"parser_version":"sem-v5","source":"digitallibrary"},{"extraction_quality_warning":false,"id":"231de9c4-427a-5ecd-bc3d-232a6a23d9a8","position":59,"note_ids":[],"note_references":[],"text":"6.1 5.8 4.8 5.1 3.1 5.8 4.7 1.7","type":"paragraph","heading_level":null,"paragraph_type":null,"paragraph_level":null,"prefix":null,"links":[],"section":"main","text_index":1,"parser_version":"sem-v5","source":"digitallibrary"},{"extraction_quality_warning":false,"id":"02449fa8-818d-5a7a-a085-47d42867aba5","position":60,"note_ids":[],"note_references":[],"text":"17.7 7.1 4.7 20.9 11.4 6.8 13.6 10.2 +2.6 -8.5 +6.1","type":"paragraph","heading_level":null,"paragraph_type":null,"paragraph_level":null,"prefix":null,"links":[],"section":"main","text_index":1,"parser_version":"sem-v5","source":"digitallibrary"},{"extraction_quality_warning":false,"id":"6f7510a5-4634-511a-9ba7-1a2efc358ce5","position":61,"note_ids":[],"note_references":[],"text":"in improving the provision of these facilities in rural areas. Furthermore. efforts to orient educational systems towards development priorities need to be strengthened.","type":"paragraph","heading_level":null,"paragraph_type":null,"paragraph_level":null,"prefix":null,"links":[],"section":"main","text_index":1,"parser_version":"sem-v5","source":"digitallibrary"},{"extraction_quality_warning":false,"id":"0716ce0e-cc02-53e7-84fd-3ed0a6f4e16f","position":62,"note_ids":[],"note_references":[],"text":"2 I. The developing countries have generally improved their efficiency with regard to the use of development resources. Moreover, the measures employed in developing countries to mobilize domestic financial resources for development have continued to be strengthened. The ratio of gross domestic saving to the gross domestic product of developing countries has shown a significant increase. Expansion and improvement of tax systems and related measures have made significant contributions, but still more vigorous action is required in order to raise the saving ratio at a faster rate. As many developing countries are heavily dependent on exports, the pace of expansion of exports continues to exercise an important influence on the saving ratio.","type":"paragraph","heading_level":null,"paragraph_type":null,"paragraph_level":null,"prefix":null,"links":[],"section":"main","text_index":1,"parser_version":"sem-v5","source":"digitallibrary"},{"extraction_quality_warning":false,"id":"5f567334-9d0b-5dae-a422-fbd49c1af6ee","position":63,"note_ids":[],"note_references":[],"text":"Developing countries have made significant efforts to promote trade among themselves and to establish or strengthen regional, subregional or interregional economic cooperation and integration. There is growing recognition that action in this area can help to improve the economic situation of developing countries. The need for support and perseverance in such programmes of co-operation :ind for the devising of new and more effective approaches remains undiminished.","type":"paragraph","heading_level":null,"paragraph_type":"operative","paragraph_level":1,"prefix":"22.","links":[],"section":"main","text_index":1,"parser_version":"sem-v5","source":"digitallibrary"},{"extraction_quality_warning":false,"id":"b9bdcd31-d441-5054-b864-0c8f2e10e424","position":64,"note_ids":[],"note_references":[],"text":"The economies of developing countries generally remain sensitive to external conditions and, therefore, to the policies and actions of developed countries. Thus, the s11ccess of bold and far-reaching efforts by developing countries to accelerate their economic and social progress remains contingent upon the availability of favourable external factors. Inadequacies and ~hort-comings in the terms of trade, tramfcr of technology, technical and financial assistance and in the structure of world trade have adverselv affected the economies of developing countries. The present ;tructure of world trade has hampered progress towards a more rational and equitahle international division of labour. An assessment of the performance of developed countries in terms of their contribution to improving the economic environment for the accelerated progress of developing countries is therefore not only pertinent but also crucial.","type":"paragraph","heading_level":null,"paragraph_type":"operative","paragraph_level":1,"prefix":"23.","links":[],"section":"main","text_index":1,"parser_version":"sem-v5","source":"digitallibrary"},{"extraction_quality_warning":false,"id":"088d40a2-5ff9-5da5-8820-e441800423ae","position":65,"note_ids":[],"note_references":[],"text":"C.","type":"heading","heading_level":1,"paragraph_type":null,"paragraph_level":null,"prefix":null,"links":[],"section":"main","text_index":1,"parser_version":"sem-v5","source":"digitallibrary"},{"extraction_quality_warning":false,"id":"bd952ec6-2b7f-58b9-b3c1-32efe5f26e58","position":66,"note_ids":[],"note_references":[],"text":"Three years after the adoption of the International Development Strategy, only some developed countries have demonstrated a welcome sense of commitment to the provision~ of the Strategy; nthcrs have not yet done ~o and have as yet to introduce major policy changes in its support. The preoccupation of many developed countries with the readjustment of their mmual relations should not result in their according a lower priority to the development problems of developing countrie:-; and to -the. need for implementing rbe policy measures embodied in the Strategy.","type":"paragraph","heading_level":null,"paragraph_type":"operative","paragraph_level":1,"prefix":"24.","links":[],"section":"main","text_index":1,"parser_version":"sem-v5","source":"digitallibrary"},{"extraction_quality_warning":false,"id":"35bf5b9a-b119-5d4e-b53f-50d2e0661b9e","position":67,"note_ids":[],"note_references":[],"text":"While some progress has been made in designing practical measures to expand the international trade of developing countries, their imp,,ementation has remained unsatisfactory and leaves room for further improvement. The least developed countries in particular have not benefited from any significant measures in the fie-Id of trade. In this connexion the following should be noted:","type":"paragraph","heading_level":null,"paragraph_type":"operative","paragraph_level":1,"prefix":"25.","links":[],"section":"main","text_index":1,"parser_version":"sem-v5","source":"digitallibrary"},{"extraction_quality_warning":false,"id":"6e02143d-eb85-51c5-af4c-98f643582012","position":68,"note_ids":[],"note_references":[],"text":"The international community reached no agreement on a set of general principles on a pricing p0licy and access to markets for commodities by the date set in the Strategy.","type":"paragraph","heading_level":null,"paragraph_type":"operative","paragraph_level":2,"prefix":"(a)","links":[],"section":"main","text_index":1,"parser_version":"sem-v5","source":"digitallibrary"},{"extraction_quality_warning":false,"id":"a57f07a6-1104-5730-a413-25f8eaab2d2a","position":69,"note_ids":[],"note_references":[],"text":"The only new major achievement with regard to primary commodities was the conclusion of the International Cocoa Agreement, 1972,•• the preparation of which extended over more than 16 years and which has not yet been ratified by all major importing countries. Arrangements made by a few countries for the financing of buffer stocks arc also worth mentioning. Several primary commodities of interest to a large number of developing countries still suffer from a lack of access to external markets and from a lack of an adequate and broadly based, non-